असत्कार्यवाद (Asatkaryavada) क्या है? – सांख्य और न्याय दर्शन से भिन्न सिद्धांत

1. Nyaya Philosophy (Asatkaryavada / Aarambhvada)

• Theory: Effect is not inherent in the cause. It is a new beginning.

• Contrasts with: Satkaryavada of Samkhya Philosophy (which holds effect already exists in cause).

• Examples used:

  • Pot doesn’t exist in clay without a potter.

  • Cloth not visible in thread before weaving.

• Conclusion: The effect is unreal (Asat) in the cause before origin; thus, it arises newly — Asatkaryavada (Aarambhvada).

2. Sri Aurobindo – Integral Yoga (Purna Yoga)

• Purpose: Integral development of human faculties.

• Philosophy: Evolution moves from matter → life → mind → supermind.

• Supermind: Higher consciousness leading to divine transformation.

• Yoga Process:

  1. Self Process – Internalization of mind.

  2. Spiritual Process – Opening to higher consciousness.

  3. Supermind Process – Realization of divine consciousness.

3. Vaisheshika Philosophy (Parmanuvada & Asatkaryavada)

• Doctrine: Creation through combination of eternal, indivisible atoms (Parmanus).

• Asatkaryavada: Effect is not inherent in the cause.

• Creation Process: Parmanu → Dvyanuka → Tryanuka → Chaturanuka → Gross elements.

• Five Elements (Mahabhutas): Earth, Water, Fire, Air (Akasha is non-atomic).

• Attributes: Based on sense perception (e.g., smell in earth, taste in water).

• Role of God: God gives motion to motionless atoms to initiate creation.

4. Mimamsa Philosophy (Apurva & Karma Theory)

• Key Concept: Apurva – Invisible force connecting action and result.

• Views:

  • Karma gives rise to Apurva, which leads to delayed results (e.g., yagna leads to heaven).

  • No need for a God to regulate karma.

• Religious Action: Dharma = Vedic duty (yagna, rituals).

• Types of Karma:

  • Nitya Karma – Daily obligatory actions.

  • Sakaam Karma – Desire-motivated actions.

5. Advaita Vedanta (Shankaracharya)

• Main Idea: Only Brahman is real; world is Maya (illusion).

• Brahman: Sat-Chit-Ananda (Truth-Consciousness-Bliss).

• Maya:

  • Without beginning, not infinite.

  • Has two powers:

    • Avaran: Concealing real knowledge.

    • Vikshep: Projecting illusion.

• Liberation: Through realization that self = Brahman.

6. Mahatma Gandhi’s Satyagraha & Eleven Vows

Satyagraha

• Definition: Non-violent resistance for truth (Satya + Aagraha).

• Influenced by: Advaita Vedanta – All are reflections of God.

• Goal: Convert opponent through love, truth, and self-suffering.

• Limitations: Not effective against immoral or terror-based forces.

Eleven Vows (Ekadash Vrata):

1. Truth (Satya)

2. Non-violence (Ahimsa)

3. Brahmacharya

4. Non-stealing (Asteya)

5. Non-possession (Aparigraha)

6. Control of palate (Aswad)

7. Fearlessness (Abhaya)

8. Removal of Untouchability

9. Physical Labour (Sharirik Shram)

10. Respect for all religions

11. Swadeshi (use of indigenous goods)

7. Kautilya’s Saptanga Theory of State

• Seven Limbs of State:

  1. Swami – King (Head)

  2. Amatya – Minister (Eyes)

  3. Janapada – Territory/People (Feet)

  4. Durg – Fort (Arms)

  5. Kosha – Treasury (Mouth)

  6. Danda – Army (Mind)

  7. Mitra – Ally (Ears)

Mandal Theory:

• Central State: Vijigishu

• Surrounding states (Mitra, Ari, Udasina, Madhyama, etc.) form concentric circles indicating strategic relations.

8. Guru Nanak – Teachings

• Core Principles:

  • One God, omnipresent.

  • Reject rituals, idol worship.

  • Honest living, charity, equality.

• Reform Efforts:

  • Opposed caste, untouchability, exploitation.

• Travels (Udasiyan): Spread message of universal brotherhood.

9. Guru Ghasidas – Satnam Cult

• Teachings:

  • Worship of Truth (Satnam).

  • Reject meat, alcohol, and gambling.

  • Respect women, practice honesty.

• Values: Simplicity, formless God, social equality.

10. Pt. Deendayal Upadhyaya – Integral Humanism

• Core Ideas:

  • Harmony between individual, society, nation, and world.

  • Rejected capitalist/communist conflict – favored holistic development.

  • Emphasized Antyodaya – upliftment of the weakest.

• Global View: Nation-building rooted in Indian culture and values.

• Goal: Balanced development of body, mind, intellect, and soul.

11. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar – Social Philosophy

• Caste System: Criticized as unscientific and inhumane.

• Untouchability: Major social evil — must be eradicated.

• Reforms:

  • Advocated education, inter-caste marriage, and women’s rights.

  • Urged Dalits to unite, educate, and agitate.

• Slogan: “Educate, Organize, Agitate.”

12. Swami Vivekananda – Practical Vedanta

• Essence: Apply Vedantic truths in real life.

• Beliefs:

  • Calmness and action must coexist.

  • Strength and discipline are key to spiritual and worldly success.

• Teachings:

  • Control over emotions enhances effectiveness.

  • True Vedanta leads to service of mankind and self-realization.

13. Vallabhacharya – Shuddhadvaita (Pushtimarga)

• God: Krishna is supreme Brahman.

• Path: Total grace and devotion — no desire for liberation.

• Types of Souls:

  1. Pravah Jiva – Ordinary, stuck in worldly cycle.

  2. Maryada Jiva – Seeking knowledge.

  3. Pushti Jiva – Chosen for grace and pure devotion.