झारखंड की पूरी जानकारी – इतिहास, भूगोल, संस्कृति और अर्थव्यवस्था

Of course. Here is all the provided information about Jharkhand, compiled, synthesized, and structured into a single, comprehensive document.

Jharkhand: Administrative and Historical Overview

Administrative Division of Jharkhand

State Summary:

• Total No. of Districts: 24

• Total No. of Blocks: 265

• Total No. of Panchayats: 4,388

• Total No. of Villages: 31,712

Administrative Divisions (Mandals) of Jharkhand

Jharkhand is organized into 5 administrative divisions, which encompass all 24 districts.

1. Santhal Pargana Division (संथाल परगना मंडल)

   • Dumka (दुमका), Deoghar (देवघर), Godda (गोड्डा), Jamtara (जामताड़ा), Pakur (पाकुड़), Sahibganj (साहिबगंज)

2. North Chhotanagpur Division (उत्तर छोटानागपुर मंडल)

   • Chatra (चतरा), Hazaribagh (हजारीबाग), Koderma (कोडरमा), Giridih (गिरिडीह), Ramgarh (रामगढ़), Bokaro (बोकारो), Dhanbad (धनबाद)

3. South Chhotanagpur Division (दक्षिण छोटानागपुर मंडल)

   • Ranchi (रांची), Lohardaga (लोहरदगा), Gumla (गुमला), Simdega (सिमडेगा), Khunti (खूंटी)

4. Palamu Division (पलामू मंडल)

   • Palamu (पलामू), Garhwa (गढ़वा), Latehar (लातेहार)

5. Kolhan Division (कोल्हान मंडल)

   • West Singhbhum (पश्चिमी सिंहभूम), East Singhbhum (पूर्वी सिंहभूम), Saraikela-Kharsawan (सरायकेला-खरसावान)

A Comprehensive History of Jharkhand

Jharkhand, the “Land of Forests,” has a rich and ancient history, defined by its indigenous cultures, vast mineral wealth, spirited resistance against colonial rule, and a long struggle for statehood.

Ancient and Medieval Era

• Prehistoric Roots: Archaeological evidence, including rock paintings and stone tools, indicates human habitation in Jharkhand since the Stone Age. The region was a center for copper tools during the Chalcolithic period and entered the Iron Age around the 2nd millennium BCE.

• Tribal Heartland: The region has been the homeland of indigenous tribal communities like the Santhals, Mundas, Oraons, and Ho for centuries. These communities developed distinct cultural practices and social structures that have profoundly shaped the state’s identity.

• Early Kingdoms and Empires: During the Mahajanapada era, parts of Jharkhand fell under the influence of powerful empires like Magadha. Later, local indigenous kingdoms such as the Nagvanshi and Chotanagpur Raj emerged, wielding considerable power. The Mughal Empire’s expansion also brought parts of Jharkhand under its control, but the tribal communities largely maintained their autonomy.

The Colonial Era and Tribal Resistance

• British Rule: The British East India Company gained control over the region in the late 18th century. They began exploiting Jharkhand’s vast natural resources, particularly its rich deposits of coal and iron ore, which led to the growth of mining and industry but also resulted in the displacement and exploitation of the local population.

• Tribal Uprisings: The tribal communities fiercely resisted British exploitation and the imposition of external laws. This period saw numerous historic uprisings, which are a cornerstone of Jharkhand’s history. Notable rebellions include:

  • The Santhal Rebellion (1855-56): Led by brothers Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu, this was a massive revolt against both British colonial authority and the corrupt zamindari system.

  • The Birsa Munda Ulgulan (1899-1900): Led by the iconic freedom fighter Birsa Munda, this movement aimed to establish tribal self-rule and overthrow the British.

The Movement for a Separate State

• Post-Independence Discontent: After India’s independence in 1947, Jharkhand remained part of Bihar. However, the region’s tribal population experienced continued neglect, marginalization, and socio-economic disparity under the Bihar administration.

• The Struggle for Jharkhand: Fueled by a desire to protect their unique cultural identity and gain political autonomy, the demand for a separate state gained momentum. The movement, which began in the early 20th century, was spearheaded by leaders like Jaipal Singh Munda and later invigorated by figures like Shibu Soren. Over decades, the movement grew to include non-tribal communities who also felt a sense of neglect.

The Birth of Jharkhand

The long and persistent struggle finally bore fruit when the Indian Parliament passed the Bihar Reorganisation Act in 2000. On November 15, 2000, on the birth anniversary of Birsa Munda, Jharkhand was officially carved out of the southern part of Bihar, becoming the 28th state of India.

Jharkhand Today

Since its formation, Jharkhand has been on a path of development, yet it continues to face significant challenges. While endowed with immense mineral wealth, the state grapples with issues of poverty, displacement, and social unrest. Efforts are ongoing to harness its resources for the welfare of its people, improve governance, and fulfill the aspirations that led to its creation.